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The other view of St Pat
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St. Patrick
Apostle of Ireland, born at Kilpatrick, near Dumbarton, in Scotland, in the year 387; died at Saul,
Downpatrick, Ireland, 17 March, 493. He had for his parents Calphurnius and Conchessa. The former
belonged to a Roman family of high rank and held the office of decurio in Gaul or Britain. Conchessa was
a near relative of the great patron of Gaul, St. Martin of Tours. Kilpatrick still retains many memorials of
Saint Patrick, and frequent pilgrimages continued far into the Middle Ages to perpetuate there the fame of
his sanctity and miracles.
In his sixteenth year, Patrick was carried off into captivity by Irish marauders and was sold as a slave to a
chieftan named Milchu in Dalriada, a territory of the present county of Antrim in Ireland, where for six
years he tended his master's flocks in the valley of the Braid and on the slopes of Slemish, near the modern
town of Ballymena. He relates in his "Confessio" that during his captivity while tending the flocks he prayed
many times in the day: "the love of God", he added, "and His fear increased in me more and more, and the
faith grew in me, and the spirit was roused, so that, in a single day, I have said as many as a hundred
prayers, and in the night nearly the same, so that whilst in the woods and on the mountain, even before the
dawn, I was roused to prayer and felt no hurt from it, whether there was snow or ice or rain; nor was there
any slothfulness in me, such as I see now, because the spirit was then fervent within me." In the ways of a
benign Providence the six years of Patrick's captivity became a remote preparation for his future
apostolate. He acquired a perfect knowledge of the Celtic tongue in which he would one day announce the
glad tidings of Redemption, and, as his master Milchu was a druidical high priest, he became familiar with
all the details of Druidism from whose bondage he was destined to liberate the Irish race.
Admonished by an angel he after six years fled from his cruel master and bent his steps towards the west.
He relates in his "Confessio" that he had to travel about 200 miles; and his journey was probably towards
Killala Bay and onwards thence to Westport. He found a ship ready to set sail and after some rebuffs was
allowed on board. In a few days he was among his friends once more in Britain, but now his heart was set
on devoting himself to the service of God in the sacred ministry. We meet with him at St. Martin's
monastery at Tours, and again at the island sanctuary of Lérins which was just then acquiring widespread
renown for learning and piety; and wherever lessons of heroic perfection in the exercise of Christian life
could be acquired, thither the fervent Patrick was sure to bend his steps. No sooner had St. Germain
entered on his great mission at Auxerre than Petrick put himself under his guidance, and it was at that great
bishop's hands that Ireland's future apostle was a few years later promoted to the priesthood. It is the
tradition in the territory of the Morini that Patrick under St. Germain's guidance for some years was
engaged in missionary work among them. When Germain commissioned by the Holy See proceeded to
Britain to combat the erroneous teachings of Pelagius, he chose Patrick to be one of his missionary
companions and thus it was his privilege to be associated with the representative of Rome in the triumphs
that ensued over heresy and Paganism, and in the many remarkable events of the expedition, such as the
miraculous calming of the tempest at sea, the visit to the relics at St. Alban's shrine, and the Alleluia victory.
Amid all these scenes, however, Patrick's thoughts turned towards Ireland, and from time to time he was
favoured with visions of the children from Focluth, by the Western sea, who cried to him: "O holy youth,
come back to Erin, and walk once more amongst us."
Pope St. Celestine I (q.v.), who rendered immortal service to the Church by the overthrow of the Pelagian
and Nestorian heresies, and by the imperishable wreath of honour decreed to the Blessed Virgin in the
General Council of Ephesus, crowned his pontificate by an act of the most far-reaching consequences for
the spread of Christianity and civilization, when he entrusted St. Patrick with the mission of gathering the
Irish race into the one fold of Christ. Palladius (q.v.) had already received that commission, but terrified by
the fierce opposition of a Wicklow chieftain had abandoned the sacred enterprise. It was St. Germain,
Bishop of Auxerre, who commended Patrick to the pope. The writer of St. Germain's Life in the ninth
century, Heric of Auxerre, thus attests this important fact: "Since the glory of the father shines in the training
of the children, of the many sons in Christ whom St. Germain is believed to have had as disciples in religion,
let it suffice to make mention here, very briefly, of one most famous, Patrick, the special Apostle of the Irish
nation, as the record of his work proves. Subject to that most holy discipleship for 18 years, he drank in no
little knowledge in Holy Scripture from the stream of so great a well-spring. Germain sent him,
accompanied by Segetius, his priest, to Celestine, Pope of Rome, approved of by whose judgement,
supported by whose authority, and strengthened by whose blessing, he went on his way to Ireland." It was
only shortly before his death that Celestine gave this mission to Ireland's apostle and on that occasion
bestowed on him many relics and other spiritual gifts, and gave him the name "Patercius" or "Patritius", not
as an honorary title, but as a foreshadowing of the fruitfulness and merit of his apostolate whereby he
became pater civium (the father of his people). Patrick on his return journey from Rome received at Ivrea
the tidings of the death of Palladius, and turning aside to the neighboring city of Turin received episcopal
consecration at the hands of its great bishop, St. Maximus, and thence hastened on to Auxerre to make
under the guidance of St. Germain due preparations for the Irish mission.
It was probably in the summer months of the year 433, that Patrick and his companions landed at the
mouth of the Vantry River close by Wicklow Head. The Druids were at once in arms against him. But
Patrick was not disheartened. The intrepid missionary resolved to search out a more friendly territory in
which to enter on his mission. First of all, however, he would proceed towards Dalriada, where he had
been a slave, to pay the price of ransom to his former master, and in exchange for the servitude and cruelty
endured at his hands to impart to him the blessings and freedom of God's children. He rested for some
days at the islands off the Skerries coast, one of which still retains the name of Inis-Patrick, and he
probably visited the adjoining mainland, which in olden times was known as Holm Patrick. Tradition fondly
points out the impression of St. Patrick's foot upon the hard rock -- off the main shore, at the entrance to
Skerries harbour. Continuing his course northwards he halted at the mouth of the River Boyne. A number
of the natives there gathered around him and heard with joy in their own sweet tongue the glad tidings of
Redemption. There too he performed his first miracle on Irish soil to confirm the honour due to the Blessed
Virgin, and the Divine birth of our Saviour. Leaving one of his companions to continue the work of
instruction so auspiciously begun, he hastened forward to Strangford Loughand there quitting his boat
continued his journey over land towards Slemish. He had not proceeded far when a chieftain, named
Dichu, appeared on the scene to prevent his further advance. He drew his sword to smite the saint, but his
arm became rigid as a statue and continued so until he declared himself obedient to Patrick. Overcome by
the saint's meekness and miracles, Dichu asked for instruction and made a gift of a large sabhall (barn), in
which the sacred mysteries were offered up. This was the first sanctuary dedicated by St. Patrick in Erin. It
became in later years a chosen retreat of the saint. A monestary and church were erected there, and the
hallowed site retains the name Sabhall (pronounced Saul) to the present day. Continuing his journey
towards Slemish, the saint was struck with horror on seeing at a distance the fort of his old master Milchu
enveloped in flames. The fame of Patrick's marvelous power of miracles preceeded him. Milchu, in a fit of
frenzy, gathered his treasures into his mansion and setting it on fire, cast himself into the flames. An ancient
record adds: "His pride could not endure the thought of being vanquished by his former slave".
Returning to Saul, St. Patrick learned from Dichu that the chieftains of Erin had been summoned to
celebrate a special feast at Tara by Leoghaire, who was the Ard-Righ, that is, the Supreme Monarch of
Ireland. This was an opportunity which Patrick would not forego; he would present himself before the
assembly, to strike a decisive blow against the Druidism that held the nation captive, and to secure freedom
for the glad tidings of Redemption of which he was the herald. As he journeyed on he rested for some days
at the house of a chieftain named Secsnen, who with his household joyfully embraced the Faith. The
youthful Benen, or Benignus, son of the chief, was in a special way captivated by the Gospel doctrines and
the meekness of Patrick. Whilst the saint slumbered he would gather sweet-scented flowers and scatter
them over his bosom, and when Patrick was setting out, continuing his journey towards Tara, Benen clung
to his feet declaring that nothing would sever him from him. "Allow him to have his way", said St. Patrick to
the chieftain, "he shall be heir to my sacred mission." Thenceforth Benen was the inseparable companion of
the saint, and the prophecy was fulfilled, for Benen is named among the "comhards" or successors of St.
Patrick in Armagh. It was on 26 March, Easter Sunday, in 433, that the eventful assembly was to meet at
Tara, and the decree went forth that from the preceeding day the fires throughout the kingdom should be
extinguished until the signal blaze was kindled at the royal mansion. The chiefs and Brehons came in full
numbers and the druids too would muster all their strength to bid defiance to the herald of good tidings and
to secure thehold of their superstition on the Celtic race, for their demoniac oracles had announces that the
messenger of Christ had come to Erin. St. Patrick arrived at the hill of Slane, at the opposite extremity of
the valley from Tara, on Easter Eve, in that year the feast of the Annunciation, and on the summit of the hill
kindled the Paschal fire. The druids at once raised their voice. "O King", (they said) "live for ever; this fire,
which has been lighted in defiance of the royal edict, will blaze for ever in this land unless it be this very
night extinguished." By order of the king and the agency of the druids, repeated attempts were made to
extinguish the blessed fire and to punish with death the intruder who had disobeyed the royal command.
But the fire was not extinguished and Patrick shielded by the Divine power came unscathed from their
snares and assaults. On Easter Day the missionary band having at their head the youth Benignus bearing
aloft a copy of the Gospels, and followed by St. Patrick who with mitre and crozier was arrayed in full
episcopal attire, proceeded in processional order to Tara. The druids and magicians put forth all their
strength and employed all their incantations to maintain their sway over the Irish race, but the prayer and
faith of Patrick achieved a glorious triumph. The druids by their incantations overspread the hill and
surrounding plain with a cloud of worse then Egyptian darkness. Patrick defied them to remove that cloud,
and when all their efforts were made in vain, at his prayer the sun sent forth its rays and the brightest
sunshine lit up the scene. Again by demoniac power the Arch-Druid Lochru, like Simon Magus of old, was
lifted up high in the air, but when Patrick knelt in prayer the druid from his flight was dashed to pieces upon
a rock. Thus was the final blow given to paganism in the presence of all the assembled chieftains. It was,
indeed, a momentous day for the Irish race. Twice Patrick pleaded for the Faith before Leoghaire. The
king had given orders that no sign of respect was to be extended to the strangers, but at the first meeting
the youthful Erc, a royal page, arose to show him reverence; and at the second, when all the chieftains were
assembled, the chief-bard Dubhtach showed the same honour to the saint. Both these heroic men became
fervent disciples of the Faith and bright ornaments of the Irish Church. It was on this second solemn
occasion that St. Patrick is said to have plucked a shamrock from the sward, to explain by its triple leaf
and single stem, in some rough way, to the assembled chieftains, the great doctrine of the Blessed Trinity.
On that bright Easter Day, the triumph of religion at Tara was complete. The Ard-Righ granted permission
to Patrick to preach the Faith throughout the length and breadth of Erin, and the druidical prophecy like the
words of Balaam of old would be fulfilled: the sacred fire now kindled by the saint would never be
extinguished.
The beautiful prayer of St. Patrick, popularly known as "St. Patrick's Breast-Plate", is supposed to have
been composed by him in preparation for this victory over Paganism. The following is a literal translation
from the old Irish text:
I bind to myself today
The strong virtue of the Invocation of the Trinity:
I believe the Trinity in the Unity
The Creator of the Universe.
I bind to myself today
The virtue of the Incarnation of Christ with His Baptism,
The virtue of His crucifixion with His burial,
The virtue of His Resurrection with His Ascension,
The virtue of His coming on the Judgement Day.
I bind to myself today
The virtue of the love of seraphim,
In the obedience of angels,
In the hope of resurrection unto reward,
In prayers of Patriarchs,
In predictions of Prophets,
In preaching of Apostles,
In faith of Confessors,
In purity of holy Virgins,
In deeds of righteous men.
I bind to myself today
The power of Heaven,
The light of the sun,
The brightness of the moon,
The splendour of fire,
The flashing of lightning,
The swiftness of wind,
The depth of sea,
The stability of earth,
The compactness of rocks.
I bind to myself today
God's Power to guide me,
God's Might to uphold me,
God's Wisdom to teach me,
God's Eye to watch over me,
God's Ear to hear me,
God's Word to give me speech,
God's Hand to guide me,
God's Way to lie before me,
God's Shield to shelter me,
God's Host to secure me,
Against the snares of demons,
Against the seductions of vices,
Against the lusts of nature,
Against everyone who meditates injury to me,
Whether far or near,
Whether few or with many.
I invoke today all these virtues
Against every hostile merciless power
Which may assail my body and my soul,
Against the incantations of false prophets,
Against the black laws of heathenism,
Against the false laws of heresy,
Against the deceits of idolatry,
Against the spells of women, and smiths, and druids,
Against every knowledge that binds the soul of man.
Christ, protect me today
Against every poison, against burning,
Against drowning, against death-wound,
That I may receive abundant reward.
Christ with me, Christ before me,
Christ behind me, Christ within me,
Christ beneath me, Christ above me,
Christ at my right, Christ at my left,
Christ in the fort,
Christ in the chariot seat,
Christ in the poop,
Christ in the heart of everyone who thinks of me,
Christ in the mouth of everyone who speaks to me,
Christ in every eye that sees me,
Christ in every ear that hears me.
I bind to myself today
The strong virtue of an invocation of the Trinity,
I believe the Trinity in the Unity
The Creator of the Universe.
St. Patrick remained during Easter week at Slane and Tara, unfolding to those around him the lessons of
Divine truth. Meanwhile the national games were being celebrated a few miles distant at Tailten (now
Telltown) in connection with the royal feast. St. Patrick proceeding thither solemnly administered baptism
to Conall, brother of the Ard-Righ Leoghaire, on Wednesday, 5 April. Benen and others had already been
privately gathered into the fold of Christ, but this was the first public administering of baptism, recognized
by royal edict, and hence in the ancient Irish Kalendars to the fifth of April is assigned "the beginning of the
Baptism of Erin". This first Christian royal chieftain made a gift to Patrick of a site for a church which to the
present day retains the name of Donagh-Patrick. The blessing of heaven was with Conall's family. St.
Columba is reckoned among his descendants, and many of the kings of Ireland until the eleventh century
were of his race. St. Patrick left some of his companions to carry on the work of evangelization in Meath,
thus so auspiciously begun. He would himself visit the other territories. Some of the chieftains who had
come to Tara were from Focluth, in the neighbourhood of Killala, in Connaught, and as it was the children
of Focluth who in vision had summoned him to return to Ireland, he resolved to accompany those chieftains
on their return, that thus the district of Focluth would be among the first to receive the glad tidings of
Redemption. It affords a convincing proof of the difficulties that St. Patrick had to overcome, that though
full liberty to preach the Faith throughout Erin was granted by the monarch of Leoghaire, nevertheless, in
order to procure a safe conduct through the intervening territories whilst proceeding towards Connaught he
had to pay the price of fifteen slaves. On his way thither, passing through Granard he learned that at
Magh-Slecht, not far distant, a vast concourse was engaged in offering worship to the chief idol
Crom-Cruach. It was a huge pillar-stone, covered with slabs of gold and silver, with a circle of twelve
minor idols around it. He proceeded thither, and whith his crosier smote the chief idol that crumbled to
dust; the others fell to the ground. At Killala he found the whole people of the territory assembled. At his
preaching, the king and his six sons, with 12,000 of the people, became docile to the Faith. He spent seven
years visiting every district of Connaught, organizing parishes, forming dioceses, and instructing the
chieftains and people. One the occasion of his first visit to Rathcrogan, the royal seat of the kings of
Connaught, situated near Tulsk, in the County of Roscommon, a remarkable incident occurred, recorded in
many of the authentic narratives of the saint's life. Close by the clear fountain of Clebach, not far from the
royal abode, Patrick and his venerable companions had pitched their tents and at early dawn were chanting
the praises of the Most High, when the two daughters of the Irish monarch -- Ethne, the fair, and Fedelm,
the ruddy -- came thither, as was their wont, to bathe. Astonished at the vision that presented itself to them,
the royal maidens cried out: "Who are ye, and whence do ye come? Are ye phantoms, or fairies, or friendly
mortals?" St. Patrick said to them: "It were better you would adore and worship the one true God, whom
we announce to you, than that you would satisfy your curiosity by such vain questions." And then Ethne
broke forth into the questions:
"Who is God?"
"And where is God?"
"Where is His dwelling?"
"Has He sons and daughters?"
"Is He rich in silver and gold?"
"Is He everlasting? is He beautiful?"
"Are His daughters dear and lovely to the men of this world?"
"Is He on the heavens or on earth?"
"In the sea, in rivers, in mountains, in valleys?"
"Make Him known to us. How is He to be seen?"
"How is He to be loved? How is He to be found?"
"Is it in youth or is it in old age that He may be found?"
But St. Patrick, filled with the Holy Ghost, made answer:
"God, whom we announce to you, is the Ruler of all things."
"The God of heaven and earth, of the sea and the rivers."
"The God of the sun, and the moon, and all the stars."
"The God of the high mountains and of the lowlying valleys."
"The God who is above heaven, and in heaven, and under heaven."
"His dwelling is in heaven and earth, and the sea, and all therein."
"He gives breath to all."
"He gives life to all."
"He is over all."
"He upholds all."
"He gives light to the sun."
"He imparts splendour to the moon."
"He has made wells in the dry land, and islands in the ocean."
"He has appointed the stars to serve the greater lights."
"His Son is co-eternal and co-equal with Himself."
"The Son is not younger than the Father."
"And the Father is not older than the Son."
"And the Holy Ghost proceeds from them."
"The Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost are undivided."
"But I desire by Faith to unite you to the Heavenly King, as you are daughters of an earthly
king."
The maidens, as if with one voice and one heart, said: "Teach us most carefully how we may believe in the
Heavenly King; show us how we may behold Him face to face, and we will do whatsoever you shall say to
us."
And when he had instructed tham he said to them: "Do you believe that by baptism you put off the sin
inherited from the first parents."
They answered: "We believe."
"Do you believe in penance after sin?"
"We believe."
"Do you believe in life after death?" Do you believe in resurrection on the Day of Judgement?"
"We believe."
"Do you believe in the unity of the Church?"
"We believe."
Then they were baptized, and were clothed in white garments. And they besought that they might behold
the face of Christ. And the saint said to them: "You cannot see the face of Christ unless you taste death,
and unless you receive the Sacrifice." They answered: "Give us the Sacrifice, so that we may be able to
behold our Spouse." And the ancient narrative adds: "when they received the Eucharist of God, they slept
in death, and they were placed upon a couch, arrayed in their white baptismal robes."
In 440 St. Patrick entered on the special work of the conversion of Ulster. Under the following year, the
ancient annalists relate a wonderful spread of the Faith throughout the province. In 444 a site for a church
was granted at Armagh by Daire, the chieftain of the district. It was in a valley at the foot of a hill, but the
saint was not content. He had special designs in his heart for that district, and at length the chieftain told him
to select in his territory any site he would deemmost suitable for his religious purpose. St. Patrick chose that
beautiful hill on which the old cathedral of Armagh stands. As he was marking out the church with his
companions, they came upon a doe and fawn, and the saint's companions would kill them for food; but St.
Patrick would not allow them to do so, and, taking the fawn upon his shoulders, and followed by the doe,
he proceeded to a neighbouring hill, and laid down the fawn, and announced that there, in future times,
great glory would be given to the Most High. It was precisely upon that hill thus fixed by St. Patrick that, a
few years ago, there was solemnly dedicated the new and beautiful Catholic cathedral of Armagh. A
representative of the Holy See presided on the occasion, and hundreds of priests and bishops were
gathered there; and, indeed, it might truly be said, the whole Irish race on that occasion offered up that
glorious cathedral to the Most High as tribute to their united faith and piety, and their never-failing love of
God.
From Ulster St. Patrick probably proceeded to Meath to consolidate the organization of the communities
there, and thence he continued his course through Leinster. Two of the saint's most distinguished
companions, St. Auxilius and St. Iserninus, had the rich valley of the Liffey assigned to them. The former's
name is still retained in the church which he founded at Killossy, while the latter is honoroured as the first
Bishop of Kilcullen. As usual, St. Patrick's primary care was to gather the ruling chieftains into the fold. At
Naas, the royal residence in those days, he baptised two sons of the King of Leinster. Memorials of the
saint still abound in the district --- the ruins of the ancient church which he founded, his holy well, and the
hallowed sites in which the power of God was shown forth in miracles. At Sletty, in the immediate
neighborhood of Carlow, St. Fiacc, son of the chief Brehon, Dubthach, was installed as bishop, and for a
considerable time that see continued to be the chief centre of religion for all Leinster. St. Patrick proceeded
through Gowran into Ossory; here he erected a church under the invocation of St. Martin, near the present
city of Kilkenny, and enriched it with many precious relics which he had brought from Rome. It was in
Leinster, on the borders of the present counties of Kildare and Queen's, that Odhran, St. Patrick's
charioteer, attained the martyr's crown. The chieftain of that district honoured the demon-idol, Crom
Cruach, with special worship, and, on hearing of that idol being cast down, vowed to avenge the insult by
the death of our apostle. Passing through the territory, Odhran overheard the plot that was being organized
for the murder of St. Patrick, and as they were setting out in the chariot to continue their journey, asked the
saint, as a favour, to take thereins, and to allow himself, for the day, to hold the place of honour and rest.
This was granted,and scarcely had they set out when a well-directed thrust of a lance pierced the heart of
the devoted charioteer, who thus, by changing places, saved St. Patrick's life, and won for himself the
martyr's crown.
St. Patrick next proceeded to Munster. As usual, his efforts were directed to combat error in the chief
centres of authority, knowing well that, in the paths of conversion, the kings and chieftains would soon be
followed by their subjects. At "Cashel of the Kings" he was received with great enthusiasm, the chiefs and
Brehons and people welcoming him with joyous acclaim. While engaged in the baptism of the royal prince
Aengus, son of the King of Munster, the saint, leaning on his crosier, peirced with its sharp point the
prince's foot. Aengus bore the pain unmoved. When St. Patrick, at the close of the ceremony, saw the
blood flow, and asked him why he had been silent, he replied, with genuine heroism, that he thought it might
be part of the ceremony, a penalty for the joyous blessings of the Faith that were imparted. The saint
admired his heroism, and, taking the chieftain's shield, inscribed on it a cross with the same point of the
crozier, and promised that that shield would be the signal of countless spiritual and temporal triumphs. Our
apostle spent a considerable time in the present County of Limerick. The fame of his miracles and sanctity
had gone before him, and the inhabitants of Thomond and northern Munster, crossing the Shannon in their
frail coracles, hastened to receive his instruction. When giving his blessing to them on the summit of the hill
of Finnime, looking out on the rich plains before him, he is said to have prophesied the coming of St.
Senanus: "To the green island in the West, at the mouth of the sea [i.e., Inis-Cathaigh, now Scattery Island,
at the mouth of the Shannon, near Kilrush], the lamp of the people of God will come; he will be the head of
counsel to all this territory." At Sangril (now Singland), in Limerick, and also in the district of Gerryowen,
the holy wells of the saint are pointed out, and the slab of rock, which served for his bed, and the altar on
which every day he offered up the Holy Sacrifice. On the banks of the Suit, and the Blackwater, and the
Lee, wherever the saint preached during the seven years he spent in Munster, a hearty welcome awaited
him. The ancient Life attests: "After Patrick had founded cells and churches in Munster, and had ordained
persons of every grade, and healed the sick, and resuscitated the dead, he bade them farewell, and
imparted his blessing to them." The words of this blessing, which is said to have been given from the hills of
Tipperary, as registered in the saint's Life, to which I have just referred, are particularly beautiful:
A blessing on the Munster people --
Men, youths, and women;
A blessing on the land
That yields them fruit.
A blessing on every treasure
That shall be produced on their plains,
Without any one being in want of help,
God's blessing be on Munster.
A blessing on their peaks,
On their bare flagstones,
A blessing on their glens,
A blessing on their ridges.
Like the sand of the sea under ships,
Be the number in their hearths;
On slopes, on plains,
On mountains, on hills, a blessing.
St. Patrick continued until his death to visit and watch over the churches which he had foundedin all the
provinces in Ireland. He comforted the faithful in their difficulties, strengthened them in
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