| MG:
Why is Globish a new dialect? mngogate@vsnl.com
SB: Any
phonemic notation that has been truncated creates an understandable but
somewhat artificial dialect. Phonemic notations encourage new learners
to speak the way words are spelled. An artificial dialects is also
created by ANJeL. In one sense by being
linked to a base pronunciation, all phonemic notations create a favored
dialect.
MG:
"Globish -ap- represents English word -up-. True -ap-
reminds beginning of English-apple- (Globish - aepal),
but then if you reserve -u- for shwa, the word -american- will have
to be respelled as -umerikun- as in New Spelling. Do you like it ? Ultimately
some basis has to be taken. I know respelling English -fun- as Globish
-fan-looks odd, but after all globish is not English." --M. Gogate
SB: In
Chekt Speling , the mid vowel [uh]
is typically represented by [u'] when stressed and [a'] when unstressed.
CKS relates the two with a shwapostrophe: -a.pl,
ar,
u'p,
fu'n,
a'go,
a'merika'n
(a'merik'n). The shwa is represented several ways including [i], ['], [r],
and [a']. Globish uses one grapheme [letter, shape] for both /^/
and shwa.
|
What
is the minimum number of phonemes in a broad transcription of English?
Globish
ae aa aay aar
e ar e er
i i oi ir
au au o or
u u iu ur
a a aau aaur
|
Globish
is a truncated pragmatic notation for a new dialect of English. It
has only 8 graphemes
[shown in black]
for the 12 pure vowel
phonemes [black+white].
The chart on the left indicates which phonemes have been merged. These
are shown in white here. Other
charts
will indicate the associated sounds. The total number of pure
phonemes with graphemes would therefore be reduced by 4 [ from 34 to
30 ]. The minimum number of essential phonemes for
English as it is usually spoken is 46 but a variant of English could be
devised that included additional phoneme mergers and other simplifications.
Madhukar Gogate has introduced an interesting proposal for a simplified
dialect and its notation Globish for Global English. This reduction
is achieved by merging the long and short vowels. i/i:, u/u: o/o: and using
[a] for both schwa and /^/. Another more detailed chart.
See also vowels. |
| ae
aa ai aar
e
ar e
er
i
ii oi ir
au au o
or
u
uu iu ur
a
a aeu
aeur |
This is a kind of compromise system.
prefer o and o' to this.
au is just a symbol, it cannot be decomposed.
o oo -o: hi oot tu bai a a mo-tar bo-t
|
Spanglish
ae a ai aar
e er ey eyr
i i oy ir
a o ow or
u u yu ur
'a 'e au aur
|
Spanglish
is another truncated pragmatic notation for a new dialect of English.
It has only 8
graphemes [shown in black]
for the 12 pure vowel
phonemes [black+white]
of English. The
chart on the left indicates which phonemes have been merged. These
are shown in white here. Other
charts
will indicate the associated sounds. The total number of pure
phonemes with graphemes would therefore be reduced by 4 [ from 34 to
30 ]. The minimum number of essential phonemes for
English as it is usually spoken is 46 but a variant of English could be
devised that included additional phoneme mergers and other simplifications.
This reduction is achieved by merging the long and short vowels. i/i:,
u/u: o/o: and using [a] for both schwa and /^/. Another more detailed chart.
See also vowels. |
(1) Adopt symbols
aeiou or their digraphs such as aa,ae,au for vowel phonemes. Diphthongs
are vowel phonemes in succesion. Show accordingly.
(2) Treat y always
a consonant, u always a vowel. So don't take u= English you, dot retain
spelling - my- wherein y denotes vowel a in English word arm, followed
by consonant y
(3) Adopt symbols
bcdfghjklmnprstvwyz or their h-based digraphs such as ch,dh,sh,th,zh for
consonant phonemes. Treat h in these digraphs as marker, not aspirator
(4) Cancel distinction
between shortish and longish vowels, based on duration. Thus globish sip
= English sip/seep based on context .See para 5 of Encourage Globish.[enkarej
globish]
(7) Adopt small
letters abcdef etc using three dots ... to end a sentence. No capitals
at all. Exception-- any name, or for whatever reasons old spelling used,
show first letter capital. Thus nyuyaurk =New York = (SB: I prefer my nu
york)
(8) Some accent
differences would be visible thus -now- uttered as /nae/u/ by Americans,
/naa/u/ by Indians. Australians utter word -day-like English word die-.
Take a standard basis like RP of BBC.
SB: nau
is RP. I don't think that ae [a.]and aa [a] are that different.
The distinction could often be dropped without any loss of intelligibility.
(9) Hyphens in
rare examples co-operation, ant-hill and also possessive case for nouns
may be omitted. Hyphens in words co-operation, ant-hill and apostrophe
in possessive case of nouns even in case of English, may be omitted. Thus
write cooperation, anthill, Jacks (not Jack's).
Within Globish,
these words become ko/au/pre/sha/n=koaupreshan (pre, or pare depending
on whether p and r are merged in pronunciation) ae/nt/hi/l = aenthil,
Jacks (actually jaeks).
One may use hyphen,
apo
(shortform apostrophe), but these are not regular graphemes with some phonetic
value. Yes, using h as consonant and also as marker to signify slight
variation in phonetic value of preceding symbol is a double role, but you
have to manage the show of about 35 phonemes within parameter of 26 Roman
symbols available on all machines. That is how scientists do.
DIGRAFS:
Chemical elements are about 100, so they use combinations C, Ca, N, Na.
Digraphs Ca, Na are non-splittable. One does not say that there is a chemical
process C+ Na = Ca + N .
Even in arithmetic,
what does 17 represent? Suddenly, symbol 1 having value one, gets a new
value ten.
Alphanumeric
confusion may take place for symbols 2 and 5:
thus 2 =Z (zoo), 5 =S (sip).
[See using
numbers as sound signs.]
One has to see
error possibility in writing, which slightly varies from person to person,
and is not clear-cut as in printing. We have to always remember that a
scriptor spelling system is not a taperecorder. Using available resources,
it is a best possible, and not perfect, representation of vowel phonmenes,
consonant phonemes, and then the rules have to be followed.
English paper
=
Globish pepar (CKS peipr) (UG pApr).
[SB] Pepar
is OK but somewhat ambiguous. when followed by a consonant.
One may have
to consider cats-dogs problem, using grapheme (s) for plural, for grammar
convenience, and not use (z) for plural of dog. In globish- kaets,
daugs-
(though daugz may follow pronunciation).
-Madhukar
Letter
Names [letar nems]
e . bi . si
. di . i . ef . ji . ech . aay . je . ke . el . em . en . o .
pi .kyu .
aar . es . ti . yu . vi . dablyu . eks . waay . zi
It is a fallacy
to name symbols (a, e) with phonetic
values of (e,i).
Retain the traditional
dictionary sequence of symbols [a-b-c-d...]
 Globish Dual Reader
[Globish Dual Ridar]
| Sample Text writen
in Globish |
Sample Text writen
in Unifon |
du
yu no vear dha laaybrari iz?..
e frend in nid
iz e frend indid...
maay haart lips
ap wen aay bihold e renbo in dha skaay...
dha warld waunts
pis aend prausperiti...sar, yuwar baegej did naut kam baay dhis flaait... |
dU
Y nO Wer Dc lIbrcrE iz?..
u frend in nEd
iz u frend indEd...
mI hqrt lEps
up Wen I bEhOld u rAnbO in Dc skI...
Dc wcrLd wants
pEs and prosperitE...
scr, Yr bagij
did not kcm bI Dis flIt. |
| OGD Positional Spelling |
CKS - Chekt Klipt Speling |
Du u no wair the lybrary is?
A frend in need is a frend indeed.
My hart leeps up wen Iye behoald a rainbo in the skye.
The werld wants pees and prospairity.
Ser, iur bagij did not com bye this flyt. |
du
U no' wer x lybrari iz?
a'
frend in nid iz a' frend indid
m'y
hart lips u'p wen 'y biho'ld a' reinbo'
in
x sky.
x
w'rld wants pis a.nd pro.speriti. S'r, yur ba.gij did not ko.m by xis flyt. |
du
yu no wer x laibrari iz?
@
frend in niid iz @ frend indiid
mai
hart liips @p wen ai bihold @
reinbo in x skai
x
w@rld wants piis aend prosperiti.
s@r
yur baegij did nat k@m bai xis flait. |
|
SB: Globish
is easy enough to read but because of the digrafs and trigrafs used, it
tends not to be space efficient. Perhaps the most annoying
substitutiion is aay for I. Very logical but who wants to substitutde
3 strokes for one.
Critique of Chekt Speling (CKS)
(1) Avoid apostrophe,colon,hyphen
.They break running handwriting, and artistic writing for example vertical
rocket writing,neon signs. [See Spanglish].
SB: The shwapostrophe
is what unites a' and u' - It also provides a convenient way of not printing
a u/shwa-marker for [m'y - globish maay] or [o't - globish out - TO oat].
Another symbol could be used - any suggestions? In an augmented script,
the apostrophe could be dropped altogether.
(2)Avoid numerals
23456789 to denote any phoneme, with alphanumeric confusion experience
of non-expellable symbols 0-1.
SB: People do
confuse 2 and Z as well as 5 and S - so why not take advantage of the shape
similarities.
If research
shows this to be a bad idea, we can always revert to digraphs.
Spelling
Related Links
©1998BETAWeb
Design
|
Local
Links
|
contact
Madhukar Gogate |
Web
Links
Mr. Gogate
(b. 1932) is an engineer living in Pune, India. He is fluent in English,
Marathi, Hindi, and Sanskrit. mngogate@vsnl.com |
|
|
|
| Language Globish
(a brief proposal)
1. Multi-language, Multi-script Mankind needs a link language,
with a good script.
The choice seems to be English. Many
non-English countries encourage
study of English as a second language.
Its grammar is fairly simple, but its
spellings are irregular and difficult.
These spellings have been used in trillions
of books, newspapers, documents, dictionaries,
signboards, maps etc. and
are known to millions of people worldwide.
Teachers, bosses, clients,
publishers reject any work, which deviates
from standard spellings. Thus, it is
almost impossible now to "cure" English
spellings. As a way out, a parallel
language Globish may be evolved for
quick learning. It will be based on
English grammar and words, with reformed
simple spellings to match with
standard (say BBC) pronunciations. All
English-teaching schools would
indirectly become Globish-teaching schools,
since students have to merely
recast spellings according to simple
rules and use the language initially for
informal work. If people like this concept,
they would develop and use Globish
as a link language for general communication.
2. Due to impact of Western culture, the Roman script is already
widely known. It
is a linear script, easy for reading,
writing, typing, printing, and indexing of
words. Unfortunately, this script does
not have adequate number of symbols.
Therefore, we may use digraphs (aa,
ae, au, ch, dh, sh, th, zh) to denote
certain unique sounds required for English.
Digraphs are two-letter
combinations, which are not split for
pronunciations. That is to say, we should
not treat (aa), for example, as sound
/a/ followed by sound /a/. We should
employ symbols, which are available
on all English-printing machines. Written
Globish should have a slightly different
look, for ease of identification. The
symbol-sound relations should be somewhat
on familiar lines. We may
accept small letters such as abcdef
for Globish, without any capitals. Triple
dots and not a single dot may be employed
to indicate end of a sentence. If
any word (names etc.) with traditional
spelling is used in Globish, its first letter
will be written in capital, to guide
a reader.
3. Sounds of human voice may be broken into vowels and consonants.
Diphthongs are vowels in sequence. We
may reserve symbols (aeiou) and
their combinations for vowels, and take
other letters for consonants. Vowel
duration can be extended with breath.
English has few short-duration vowels
(such as –u- in pull) and corresponding
long-duration vowels (such as –oo- in
pool). We may ignore this difference,
and take average-duration for all vowels.
Globish (pul) would stand for English
(pull) as well as (pool). Proper meaning
may be taken from context. If long duration
must be shown, use double.
English (pool) may be written as (puul)
in Globish.
4. Try following symbol-sound relations. a (american) aa (a-art)
ae (a-apple) au
(au-aunt) b( boy) ch (chair) d (dog)
dh ( th- they) e (egg) f (fee) g (girl) h (he) i (
it) j (jam) k (king ) l ( lamp) m (
man) n (no) o ( open) p ( pin) r ( run) s (sit) sh
(she) t (toy ) th ( thin) u (u- push)
v (victory) w (woman ) y ( yes) z (s- his ) zh ( s-
measure). This script indicates 31 basic
English sounds.
5. Examples:
(English) A friend in need is a friend indeed. Water is a compound
of hydrogen and oxygen. I like ice cream. Where does
your brother stay? You are requested to take a seat. People want peace.
(Globish) e frend in nid iz a frend indid…wautar iz e kampaaund auf
haaydrojan aend auksijan…aay laaik aaiskrim … whear daz yuar bradhar ste?
Yu aar rikwested to tek e sit…pipal waunt pis…
(Comments)
Three
dots are useful to indicate ending of a sentence, in absence of capital
letters. Spellings of Hydrogen, Oxygen may be retained as in English, if
so desired, but the first letter is then capitalized. Word (people) is
rendered (pipal) and not (pipl) in Globish. Combination (ea) is a diphthong,
with vowel /e/ followed by vowel /a/.
6. Few exceptions may be adopted, depending on experience. Thus,
cats, dogs
may be written in globish as kaets,
daugs, with a simple grammar rule of
adding (s) for plural. Strictly speaking,
daugz would be correct globish spelling
as per pronunciation.
7. Adopt sequence (abcdef) for dictionary listing. Use capitals
for English and
small letters for Globish on signboards,
for ease of identification. Thus:
DANGER denjar.
Comments
Globish
Madjukar Gogate writes: I do not prefer capital-small mix (Angel), diacritics,
or numerals to indicate
peculiar sounds.Vowels account for 40 to 50% sounds,so if reformers agree
on vowel symbols, half battle is won.
I now write various checkt
vowel symbols, and corresponding globish symbols after slash.
Short ( a. /ae) (e /e) (i.
/i) (o. /au) (u. /u) (u' /a)
Long (a /aa) ('r /ar) (i
/ii) (o /au) (u /uu) (a' not understood by me)
Diphtongs ('y /aai) (ei
/ee) (oi /aui) (o' /o) (iu /yu) (au /aau)
With schwa (ar /aar) (yr
/aayar) (er / er ? -ear ?) (ir /ir ? iar? ) (or
/or) ( ur/ar) (aur/ awar
)
Diphthongs with -r
Diphthongs are vowels in sequence. oil = /o/i/l in TO = /au/i/l/ in
globish
Looking to frequency, it
would be proper to use (u as in up)( a as in apple) ( o as in ox) but for
globish, I took (a
like u-up),(ae like a-apple)(au like o-ox), in order to achieve good
symbol-sound relations for other sounds.
I agree, a has to equal ah and if you want to merge
instead of discriminate, a =u' =a' makes sense.
[MG]
English language uses sound of u-up for symbol a (american, global,
instant), ae is on IPA lines, au is used like o-ox in aunt, australia
etc I prefer to cancel distinction between shortish (short-duration) and
longish (long duration) vowels,but if one so desires (i,u,e) are shortish,
(ii,uu,ee) are longish,as shown for globish in above chart. I do not mind
(ei) as (eight) instead of (ee) to avoid confusion with present use of
ee as in eel. I take out (y) as consonant. As regards (r) if it is uttered,
write it, if not uttered do not write it. In India, we utter (r) in words
such as (father, mother, paper) I understand it is a silent letter for
some communities.
Writer
Madhukar N. Gogate (engineer, born in 1932)
4, Pavan Apts, Lakshmi Park, Navi Peth,
Pune 411030 India. Phone (020) 537574
Email address mngogate@vsnl.com
|
