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Terms used in the discussions of spelling & orthographic reform |
Inspired
by
Damian Bonsall URL
http://www.unifon.org/glos-spel.html
Formatted by Steve Bett webpages at sitemap-linguistics Updated by Saundspel & SSSlist [simplified spelling] discussion groups To Join Register at the SpelreformRing or email glos-spel.html
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| Term to be defiined | |A|B| C|D| E| F|G|H| I |J|K| L| M| N|O| P|Q|R|S|T|U|V|W|X|Y|Z| |
| accent
accusative
ALC
fonetic
allophone*
A
collection of
Roman alphabet
Adoption of the
alphabetic |
The mode of utterance peculiar to an individual or locality,
indlcuing stress, tone and pitch. [see dialect]
the grammatical case with expresses the destination of the ation signified by a verb. A spelling scheme promoted by the American Literacy Council. Fonetic is derived from WES and related to New Spelling. Electronic text can be easily converted to fonetic using the BTRSPL converter which is available on the web. There are more than 10,000 digitized books on the web and any one of them can be quickly converted to ALC's American Spelling using the converter. (See Rondthaller & Lias. 1986. The Dictionary of Simplified American Spelling) A variation in pronunciation that is still close enough to be interpreted as an instance of a particular phoneme. An insignificant variation. A difference in pronunciation such as the sound of L in "look" and "little" which is ignored by language users. An ordered set of symbols used as sound signs. The alphabet was invented only once and was spread by the Phoenician traders and others throughout the world. The Semites were inspired by the Egyptian writing system (esp. middle Egyptian, 1200 bc) which made limited use of sound signs (phonograms) mostly for proper names. Egyptian sound signs were not ordered. The standardizing the arrangement of 22 semitic symbols allowed it to be used as a number system. The alphabet doubled as a number system for the Phoenicians and the Greeks - the 8th letter in classical Greek, eta (eituh), is associated with eight (eit) and H (eich), originally a squared off 8. The 26 letters which form the basis of the alphabet used for most Western European languages. Late arrivals include j, k, u, and w. J used to be an alternate i and y was a slighty different sound. v and u were used for the same sound until the 16th century. The distinction between f and v also occured at this time. The Roman letters were adopted for English in the 8th century. By the 10th century, English had a consistent augmented Latin alphabet. 25% of the consistency was lost after the conquest of the Norman French. Another 30% was lost with the great vowel shift in the 15th century. Modern spelling dates from about 1755. By this time only 40% of the writing system was consistent with the alphabet. A writing system is alphabetic when the graphemes (shapes or letters) refer to specific phonemes (sounds). The traditional English writing system, which was standardized at the word level around 1755, is about 40% alphabetic, 10% morphemic, and 50% chaotic. See syllabary and logogram. English (circa 1000 AD) was once about 90% alphabetic and on par with other roman based writing systems that have undergone several reforms to keep spelling aligned with pronunciation. In unreformed writing systems, words are often spelled as they were pronounced a 1000 years ago. Greek, English, and Icelandic are examples. have=hah-vuh |
| alphabetic order
alternation altscript
anglic ASCII(Am Std. Code) |
A traditional order or arrangement of symbols (letters)
once used as a numbering system by the Semites and Greeks. This conventional
order has changed very little over the past 3,000 years.
Substitution of one letter for another, e.g. i for y A spelling scheme using positional spelling by John
Reilly
A variation of New Spelling published by Zachrissen (ca. 1950) The standard character set used in computer text files
and email containing 26 lower case and 26 upper case letters without diacritics.
ASCII also contains punctuation marks and numerals.
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| BTRSPL
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A program that converts text from TO to reformed orthography.
The name, betrspl, is an abbreviation for better spelling.
Alan Mole is the principle author of BTRSPL.
An IPA based phonemic notational system that uses the roman character set plus a few special characters (such as the turned e, c, and a or digraphs) to represent 41 to 46 phonemes. Sweet's broad romic used traditional continental sound values. Such a transcription is not quite precise enough to fully distinguish dialects (see diaphonic) A phonetic transcription of a particular dialect is a narrow transcription. A broad transcription would tend to ignore regional pronunciation differences. (see phonemic) |
| category
character
Checked Vowel
Checked Clipped Spelling
cognate consonant
corpus creole
cut speling |
A range of instances treated as equivalent for some purpose.
A phoneme is a category - different sounds that are treated as equivalent
by a language community. A grapheme is a category. Categories are
abstractions. One can only see or hear instances. You cannot
hear a phoneme.
A letter or digit or symbol
A vowel that is always followed by a consonant and is
therefore short. When a free vowel comes before a consonant, its duration
is about as short as a checked (short) vowel (eg, mad, made).
A space efficient IPA based spelling scheme by Steve Bett.
Having the same linguistic family or derivation A speech sound produced by partial obstruction of the
air stream
a body of writings referred to by lexicographers a pidgin which has been adopted as a mother tongue. New Guinea tok pidgin English is the best known example. An unsystematic or non-phonemic spelling scheme by Chris
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| diacritic
diaphone
diaphonic dictionary (lexicon)
digraph diphthong
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An accent mark indicating a change in a letter's
sound value or stress
An effective way to deal with the shortage of sound signs in ASCII. Latin 1 options include diresis, ring, grave, and acute markers. a mark added to a letter or symbolindicating a change in its usual pronunciation. e.g. e e e all the different forms of a phoneme that collectively occur in all the dialects of a lnaguage. A broad (as opposed to a narrow) transcription of sounds An alphabetical list of words and meanings. TO dictionaries also include a pronunciation guide which is absent in dictionaries in most other languages Two letter combinaions representing one sound, e.g. sh, ph (phone), ee A blend of two vowel phonemes. e.g. oi (see glide)
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| elide, elision
etymological
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The omission of a spoken vowel or syllable
Referring to the origin of words
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| grapheme
glottal
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A category that may include several
different shapes but referencing but one phoneme (e.g., G, g, g
) One of several shapes understood as being equivalent in terms of reference.
(see phoneme) Smallest contrastive unit in a writing
system
sounds made in the larynx by narrowing the glottis, whisper
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| heterograph
heterophone homograph homonym homophone |
Words with the same sound, spelt differently
Words that sound differently, but are spelt the same Words spelt the same, but different meaning or sound or both Words that sound or appear the same, but differ in meaning Words that sound the same, but differ in meaning or spelling |
| illiteracy
inflection irregular |
The inability to read and write functionally
An affix that signals a chanage in a grammatical relationship such as tense, mood, etc. Usually a change in a word ending [-s, -ed, -ing]. (gram) 2. A change in voice pitch (phonetics). a linguistic form that is an exception to a pattern or stated rule |
| Initial Teaching Alphabet
International Phonetic
Interspel
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A system devised to help children to read (paedography).
Pitman's augmented roman alphabet used as an initial teaching medium. (see
ITA)
A notational scheme developed in 1890's by Passy and Jones
for use by linguists as a standard means of graphically representing spoken
languages. IPA uses the roman alphabet as a starting point and augments
it as needed with rotated characters and special symbols. IPA can
be used for a broad or narrow transcription of a language.
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| JSSS | Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society - a scholarly journal that publishes research on orthographic change and spelling reform. |
| Latin 1
letter lexical
ligature
linguistic(s) . literacy
literal logogram
logographic |
An augmented character set that includes every letter
used in the orthographies of any European language. Available in
HTML.
æ å à ì î è é ò ù ñ are some of the characters available in the Latin 1 character set. a mark or glyph used in an alphabetic writing system to indicate a sound. Referring to words
a written or printed symbol in which 2 or more letters
are joined (e.g., ae)
Pertaining to language or the study of languages (tongues) lingua The ability to read and write functionally. The ability to read and comprehend a newspaper is considered the threshold of literacy. The usual or conventional meaning of a word. cf. figurative A word mark or word sign. Can be comprehended without a particular phonographic rendering. 4 is a logogram. The phonetic interpretation of a logogram will be different in different languages. 4-SALE would be read as "quatro sahleh" in Spanish. (see numbers as sound signs) Chinese is often referred to as a logographic writing system. Chinese ideograms usually refer to words or concepts although they often contain some phonographic clues. [ref: deFrancis, Visible Language] |
| Lojicon -logical
consonants
Lojikon long vowel |
A spelling scheme
based on consistent use of consonants
Logical Icons - A pictographic script Since northern European languages usually have 12 pure vowels and use a character set containing only 5 vowel letters, the same letter is used to denote at least two vowel sounds: a long and short sound. Linguists refer to the long vowels as a:, e: i: o: and u:. Reading teachers often use a set that includes diphthongs: /ei/ ay, /i:/ ee, /ai/ eye, /ou/ owe, and /ju/ you. |
| machine
translation
marker
marking conventions
markup magic e
morpheme
morphemic |
Automated (computer aided) translation. Paste
in the text in one language, get back equivalent text in another language.
Available on the web at Alta Vista. How are
you? --> Como vai? (Port. How are you going)
A letter or diacritic used to modify the sound associated with a letter. e, a, and h are often used as markers in English orthography. Marker letters are silent. mit/mite resume/resume' caio/chow /p/ = signal or phoneme (refers to a sound)
Taging particular categories in a document, e.g., chapter head, break, bold,... A silent e used to mark a vowel that operates at a distance [fat/fate]. Most markers are next to the vowel they modify [moat]. The letter e after a consonant, or consonants, which lengthens a preceding vowel. A meaningful unit of a language that cannot be further
divided. English morphemes include s (for plural) /dogz/ & /cats/
and [ed] for past tense /started, finisht/. Consistent morphemic
spelling often misrepresents pronunciation as in checked/chekt
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| NES
New Spelling notation Nu Folik
Nue Speling
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New English Spelling - refers to an update of New Spelling
A simple consistent close-to-TO spelling scheme (see below) The representation of sounds by symbols. A means of transcribing spoken language into visual symbols. A variation on the spelling scheme developed by Mont Follick, MP. What English might look like if written in Spanish or Portuguese orthography. See also Spanglish. The spelling scheme, suggested by Ellis, that is the foundation for most phonemic spelling notations based on the principle of least disturbance (of traditional English spelling conventions) Extended vowels are written AE[ei] EE[i:] IE [ai] OE[ou] UE[ju] (NS[ipa]) |
| orthographic
orthography From The Devil's Dictionary
|
Literally "right markings" or "right writng"
The study or practice of correct spelling or writing. Can include the study of various rules and regularities and some grammar. That part of grammar that treats of the way a given language is written. The orthography is distinct from spoken language. English can be written in the orthography designed for Spanish. The problem with hitchhiking orthographies is mostly a problem of having sounds without associated symbols. Spanish has no symbol for the checked or short [i] or the initial sound in [the]. Orthography, n. The science of spelling by the eye instead of by the ear. Advocated with more heat than light by the outmates of every asylum for the insane... [more] |
| palaeography
palate (anat) parsing
parts of speech
pasigraphy phone
phonemicity
phonetic phonetic transcription
phonogram
plural
positional spelling
pronunciation guide
PV - Personal View |
The study of ancient writing and inscriptions
The hard & soft bony structure forming the roof the mouth Parting, break into parts. The analysis and labeling of the gramatical elements of sentences also callled diagramming. A classification of words into groups displaying the same formal features - esp. related to inflection and distribution: verb, noun, adj. etc. Very large morphemic classes. Void of semantic content. The use of symbols between languages a particular occurence of a vowel or consonant
The extent to which spelling is a guide to pronunciation. TO has a low level of phonemicity compared to the Spanish orthographic system When the spelling of a word corresponds to its pronunciation A narrow detailed transcription that can distinguish regional
accents
Teaching reading by first introducing letter sounds (see whole word) A sound sign. e.g., a letter or word representing a sound. In an alphabetical system the phonograms represent letters. In a syllabary, the sound signs represent syllables. see hotsuma. The form of a word denoting more than one in number
When the sound value of letters varies according to
A guide often given in English dictionaries to show the sound of words. Most spelling reformers want to use a consistent spelling guide as for the writing system instead of TO. An SSS publication relating to a notational scheme or
spelling reform proposal. The scheme is not necessarily endorsed by the
society. It represents an individual's views. PV-7
Nu Folik
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| RP - received pronunciation
redundant reformed spelling regularity r-ending Roman Alphabet |
Standard English accent of the BBC and of Southern Britain
A letter that does not contribute to the sound of a word
Rhotic A dialect or accent in which [r] is pronounced when it occurs bfore a consonant or a pause. |
| Saund Spell
schwa schwapostrophe script Shaw Alphabet short vowel silent silent e simplified spelling
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A strictly phonetic spelling scheme by Ian Ascott
The indistinct unstressed vowel sound common in English An apostrophe used to represent a schwa A word with the same or similar meaning The visible part of a writing system. Another word for alphabet A novel alphabet designed for phonetic English writing The vowel sounds as in pat pet pit pot putt A letter used in the spelling of a word which is not pronounced Some silent e's are markers (fate) others are just hold overs (give) from a time when they had a function and were pronounced. The American name for the magic e Any spelling scheme that streamlines and simplifies TO The match, or lack of it, between sounds and letters a = /ae/, /a:/, /ei/, /'/, ... The alphabetic ideal is to have one letter correspondent for each sound and one (and only one) sound (phoneme) for each letter (grapheme). |
| Semite, Semitic
spanglish
speech recognition
spell checker
spelling SR-1
symbol-sound
synonym |
A linguistic, not a racial, classification. The
languages spoken in the Middle East since ancient times. Ancient
Egyptian was a blend of west african (Hamitic) and Semitic. The early writing
systems for these languages did not contain letters for vowels. chart
A computer program that checks spelling. It matches a letter configuration to letter configurations in memory and locates letter combinations that do not match. " Eye have a knew checker..." would not be corrected. The choice of which letters or symbols to combine to represent a word Spelling Reform - 1st Stage For Lindgren, e = /e/
head=hed
The match, or lack of it, between letters and sounds in
a word
Two or more words with the same meaning or reference |
| tense [vs. lax]
grammar [past present-future] thesaurus
trigraph
turned c turned a
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Articulated with muscle tension or effort. Cf. fortis
Contrast term: lax
Gramatical time: variation in the morphological form of the verb [eg. -ed] Book that lists words in groups of synonyms
A combination of three letters denoting one sound, e.g. sch A spelling scheme by Tom Zurinskas based on New Spelling but using double consonants to show stress. The IPA symbol No. 5 for the sound in pot
Unifon - an augmented alphabet devised by John Malone.
40 sound signs.
A single letter or symbol denoting one sound. The
name of a notational scheme that uses the upper case letters as new sound
signs: A=ei, E=i: I,Y=ai, O=ou, U=ju. and eliminates most digraphs ( eg,
Q=oi, T=th, G=ng)
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| vowel
semi-vowel
vowel diagram
|
A speech sound produced without any obstruction - different
vowels are produced by altering the size and shape of various cavities
through which air passes.
A speech sound produced without any friction but similar to a consonant in marking syllable boundaries. English Y & W. Serb R. (see syllabic) A quadrilateral or trapezoid representing jaw, mouth, and tongue positions involved in the production of vowel sounds. Devised by Jones. |
| WES World English Spelling
whole word method
word sign (logogram) |
A spelling scheme
A way of teaching reading without reference to letter
sounds
An irregular spelling such as the, me, to, of
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| Phonics
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Phonics does more than teach reading by the `sound of
a word': it is a method of teaching reading and spelling by teaching all
sound-symbol correspondences, from simple to complex, systematically and
directly.
It is important to insist that phonics relates sounds to written symbols - it needs to be distinguished from the current bandwagon of training in `phonemic awareness' BEFORE teaching letters. |
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devised
by Sir James Pitman. It was heavily used in the schools in the late 1960's
particularly in the UK. ITA is based on New Spelling and uses a special
font to augment the roman character set. 
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