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Phonics
and other key concepts defined
- phone, phoneme, allophone, logograph
Links American
Literacy Council http://www.americanliteracy.com/variations.htm
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Logographic [word sign] vs. Alphabetic [sound sign] Systems To read an alphabetic system of writing like Spanish requires that one decode the phonetic relationships that exist between the marks on the page (letters) and the sounds of the spoken language, whereas to read a logo-graphic system like Chinese requires one to match the marks on the page (the ideograms) with the word or concept in the language that each represents. Thus, alphabetic systems carry an intervening stage of decoding of the phonetic component, a stage not involved in the use of logographic systems. There are a few logograms in normal text. Two concepts of reading:
marks to concept or marks to speech to concept.
The term reading,
therefore, entails different cognitive and perceptual processes depending
on orthographic form. Second, reading consists of both a phonetic/acoustic
process and a semantic/syntactic process. Consider the hypothetical example
of an illiterate Greek farmer and his English professor friend whose schooling
has taught him how to pronounce all the Greek letters and letter combinations
although he cannot speak a word of modern Greek. The professor pronounces
what for him are the nonsense sounds from a Greek newspaper for his
Neither of the two can be said to be reading, yet between them they represent the skills that a reader must have. The purpose of raising
these points here is to clarify to the reader that many simplistic definitions
of reading which characterize the process in terms of pronouncing words
are misleading and blur the deeper, more important aspects of this complex
process. It is likely that many of the problems involved in the teaching
of reading derive from our failure as yet to understand fully these various
processes.
Some Definitions
allophone allophone An audibly distinct or acoustically distinct variant of a phoneme . E.g. the [d] and [ð] of Spanish ['deðo]... The schwi [unstressed /i:/] is not a phoneme in English because it distinguishes no contrastive pair. It is an allophone of i. Is @ a phoneme or an allopone of ^? It is in a similar two phonemes are described as overlapping if one has among its allophones at least one sound that is also, possibly in other contexts, an allophone of the other. allomorph
One of a set of forms which realize a morpheme: cf. morpheme (3). E.g.
-[@n] in taken and -[d] in removed are among the allomorphs of the
'past participle' morpheme.
An allophone is one of several similar speech sounds: an allophone can be thought of as a variant of a phoneme. Each allophone is the contextually specific implementation of honeme, and phoneme is the (language dependent) smallest distinguishable unit of sound. In a particular context an habitual approximation of the phonemic ideal usually becomes so familiar as to be conventional. from wikipedia A phoneme itself, however, is really too abstract and context variant to have a simple frequency decomposition. A phoneme as one of the abstract signals of the phonetic system of a language corresponds to a set of similar speech sounds which are perceived by speakers of the language to be a single distinctive sound in that language. One of two or more elementary sounds
in a particular language that differ in acoustic or articulatory properties
but without conveying any difference in meaning. For example, the [p] in
pin
is accompanied by a distinct puff of air while the [p] in spin
is not. Nevertheless speakers of English will treat them as the same sound;
the acoustic difference does not signal a semantic distinction. These two
'p's' are said to be allophonic variations
of
the single phoneme /p/. from Penguin Dictionary
of Psychology
Phoneme
Applied Linguistics (1985) defines the phoneme as 'the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words', giving the examples pan and ban, that differ only in the contrast of the phonemic consonants /p/ and /b/, and ban and bin, that differ only in the phonemic vowels /æ/ and /I/. The number of phonemes varies from language to language, and from variety to variety within a language. Any such number, as for example the 24 consonants and 20 vowels of RP, are known as a phoneme inventory. A phone is a realization in sound of a phoneme, and an allophone is one such realization among others: for example, English /n/ is normally alveolar, but is dental before the dental fricative /[theta]/ in tenth [t[reverse3]n[theta]]. There are no minimal pairs contrasting dental and alveolar [n], and so the difference is not phonemic: because of this, the two forms are said to be allophones of the same phoneme /n/. When allophones occur in different environments, only one ever occurring in one environment, they are said to be in complementary distribution. The term allophone is also used to include the free variant, a sound that can be substituted for another without bringing about a change of meaning. Examples include the various r-sounds of English and the use of the glottal stop as a variant of [t] in a word like water. See Bloomfield, -Eme, Feature (Distinctive Feature), Jones (D.), Minimal Pair, Phone, Phonetic
Phonetic Transcription A written or printed representation of speech using a phonetic alphabet. Whereas, in standard orthography, the same letters can be used to represent different sounds (the y in sky and syrup), and different combinations of letters can be used to represent the same sound (the ee of meet and the ea of meat), a phonetic symbol always represents the same sound, and a sound is always represented by the same symbol. Speech can be transcribed phonetically at different levels of detail and accuracy. In general terms, there are two kinds of transcription: (1) Phonetic transcription proper, which draws on the total resources of a phonetic alphabet to mark minute distinctions in sound and places symbols in square brackets, [t]. Such transcriptions are used especially to represent the usage of individual speakers, and are informally known as narrow transcriptions. (2) Phonemic transcription, which provides a symbol for each phoneme in a text and places the symbols between obliques, as in /t/. Such transcriptions are used to represent an idealized description of the system of a speech community. It is the kind used in pronouncing dictionaries, and is referred to informally as broad transcription. citation form not continuous speech. Contemporary phoneticians generally take their symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet, but other symbols are also in use, especially in North America. All such symbols are mnemonic labels that ignore phonetic detail, as when the initial consonants of tea, two, and train are phonemically written /t/, even though they are all phonetically slightly different. In many cases, diacritics are added to phonemic symbols to give further detail: for example, a superscript h added to /t/ to indicate aspiration, /th/. (3) A third kind of transcription is prosodic transcription, for which there is no generally agreed system of symbols. Its purpose is the representation of rhythm, stress, and intonation, and it has elements in common with musical notation. Generally, a text representing speech is divided into its actual or probable tone groups, the boundaries between groups being marked with a bar (/), usually doubled to mark the end of a major tone group (//), the rough equivalent to a sentence. Next, the accented syllables are identified, then the pitch contours associated with these syllables are marked in. See International Phonetic Alphabet, Notation, Oblique, Phoneme, Phonetics, Prosody, Transcription. [Speech, Writing]. G.K., T.McA. What is the difference between a speech sound (phone)
and a phoneme?
A speech sound (Phone) is a physical event. If you know anything about physics you know that physical events don't recur -- each one is unique to itself. We classify and group them, even phones, by certain criteria. For phones we classify them by sound waves or by how we make them, but when we say 'phone' we refer to a physical event. A phoneme is an abstract structural unit that is a building block within a specific language. It is realized in phones -- that is, phones cause us to perceive a phoneme -- but what phones belong to what phoneme and in what context will they cause the perception of a given phoneme is specific to individual languages. Each language takes in its own way a set of phones or a
phonetic area which then belong to a given phoneme. Sometimes certain phones
belong to two different phonemes, depending on where they occur.
As humans, we learn to perceive the phonemes of our own language as 'sounds'.
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link to ghost letters.html - redundant e
We write short "e": We pronounce short "e": *bell . . e. e=@
as in the
new spell
IPA-Spanglish
We write long "e": /i:/ We pronounce long "e":
Spanglish
new spell
IPA-Spanglish
*A fonemic spelling system has to pick out one of the spellings
and make it
http://victorian.fortunecity.com/vangogh/555/Spell/redundant-e.htm
More British SS BRITISH GENERAL AMERICANCompare Saxon Spanglish spelling with ALC Fonetic Traditional Spelling How it is PronouncedKeep quite quiet. Kiep quait quaiat quik quickly aentiek anntic need a rule for the terminal c, only forunstressed endings? aartic aent Hi baiz furrz for hiz ferrz ferst. feilyer feilure Hi baiz ferz for hiz ferrz furrst/ferst. Ramoan the roaman brawt bearz tu the circas befor it bernd doun. Burnnerd bot thoaz birz for hiz beizh berrz. and ezy solution is to set rr=3: frrz frrst ferrz Perhaps an i.t.a. shwd hav mor thann wan wey to represent a saund. Should the capability of spelling sounds more than one way be exploited? their theyr feir feyr |
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Vowels: Graphemes for 21 English Phonemes SAMPA SS IS KEYWORD SAMPA ENGLIK SPANGLISH IQLIZ I i. i
pit pIt
pit pitt
i i j
ease iz
iiz iez iz
A@ aa aa
are A@
aar aar
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/saundspel/files/byutifal-prinsas.html
Phonics
(1) An obsolete term for the science
of phonetics.
Phonics
(1)
Relating to vocal sound: phonic substance, phonic vibrations.
Teik thi olternat noateishan
challenj
> TO I stopped the altercation in the urban underground.
> AB Y stopt x oltrkesan in x rbn ndrgrnd
> EG Ai stopt dha ooltrrkeshan in dhi rrban andrgraund
CLICK VOWEL LETTER COMBINATIONS
BELOW TO HEAR THEIR SOUND
If the person you are teaching to read does not have these sounds memorized, the rate at which they will learn new reading and spelling words will be dramatically lower. The only exception being the fortunate upper 10%-20% of our readers who are able to read no matter which method they are taught. HOW TO USE THE VOWEL SOUND TEACHER ABOVE 1) Click any letter sound in the table above 2) I will
say the letters and pause 5 seconds -
3) I then
give several word examples and ask you to say it again -
4) This
can be used in teacher training or adult reading programs -
To hear the sounds,
you must have the REAL PLAYER G2 (or higher) installed on your computer.
Links
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- American 
